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The Gini coefficient of labor earnings in Brazil fell by nearly a fifth between 1995 and 2012, from 0.50 to 0.41. The decline in earnings inequality was even larger by other measures, with the 90-10 percentile ratio falling by almost 40 percent. Although the conventional explanation of a falling education premium did play a role, an RIF regression-based decomposition analysis suggests that the decline in returns to potential experience was the main factor behind lower wage disparities during the period. Substantial reductions in the gender, race, informality and urban-rural wage gaps, conditional on human capital and institutional variables, also contributed to the decline. Although rising minimum wages were equalizing during 2003-2012, they had the opposite effects during 1995-2003, because of declining compliance. Over the entire period, the direct effect of minimum wages on inequality was muted.

Earnings Inequality --- Rif Regressions

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There are several possible explanations for the observed changes in inequality, the returns to education, and the gap between the wages of informal and formal salaried workers in Argentina over the period 1980-2002. Largely due to the lack of evidence for competing explanations, skill-biased technical change is the most likely explanation for the increases in the returns to education that occurred in the 1990s. Using a semi-parametric re-weighting variance decomposition technique and data from the Permanent Household Survey, the authors show that during the same period there was an increase in the returns to unobserved skill. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that skill-biased technical change has been a main driver of increases in inequality in Argentina. The pattern of changes suggests that the growth in returns to unobserved skill may have been partly responsible for the relative deterioration of informal salaried wages during the 1990s.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Debt Markets --- Earnings Inequality --- Education --- Education for All --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Household Survey --- Labor Markets --- Minimum wage --- Primary Education --- Salaried employment --- Salaried workers --- Skilled workers --- Social Protections and Labor --- Union membership --- Wage distribution --- Wage employment --- Wage inequality

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During the past two decades, wages of skilled workers in the United States rose while those of unskilled workers fell; less-educated young men in particular have suffered unprecedented losses in real earnings. These twelve original essays explore whether this trend is unique to the United States or is part of a general growth in inequality in advanced countries. Focusing on labor market institutions and the supply and demand forces that affect wages, the papers compare patterns of earnings inequality and pay differentials in the United States, Australia, Korea, Japan, Western Europe, and the changing economies of Eastern Europe. Cross-country studies examine issues such as managerial compensation, gender differences in earnings, and the relationship of pay to regional unemployment. From this rich store of data, the contributors attribute changes in relative wages and unemployment among countries both to differences in labor market institutions and training and education systems, and to long-term shifts in supply and demand for skilled workers. These shifts are driven in part by skill-biased technological change and the growing internationalization of advanced industrial economies.

Wages --- Case studies --- Congresses --- AA / International- internationaal --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 332.26 --- 338.021 --- -331.21 --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Loonevolutie. --- Theorie van de lonen. --- -Wages --- Congresses. --- -AA / International- internationaal --- Costs, Labor --- Employees --- Payroll costs --- Personnel costs --- Costs --- 331.21 --- Case studies&delete& --- Loonevolutie --- Theorie van de lonen --- Costs, Industrial --- E-books --- Wages - Case studies - Congresses --- wages, wage structures, united states of america, usa, unskilled workers, labor, work, earnings, inequality, wealth gap, markets, institutions, australia, korea, japan, europe, international studies, unemployment, gender differences, managerial compensation, training, education, case study, employment, solidarity, germany, italy, great britain, sweden.